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>Top
1. Thesis structure:
- IMRAD: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion
- Title:
- Abstract:
- explains in one line why the paper is important;
major results, in numbers.
- is concise, readable, and quantitative.
- length: 1-2 paragraphs, approx. 400 words.
- don't have citations.
- what, why, and how did you do it?
- What did you learn?
- Why does it matter?
- Introduction:
- to write after you have completed the rest of the paper.
- to motivate the readers to read the rest of the paper.
- the goal of the paper
- sufficient background information to understand the context
- the scope of your work
- verbal road map or table of contents
- original work and interpretation/analysis by you.
- Methods:
- to assess the believability of the result
- to enable replicate the experiment
- technique, procedure, equipment, and calibration plots
- limitation, assumptions, and range of validly
- analytical methods, reference to any statistical software
- Results:
- observations, statistics, tables, and graphs
- information on range of variation
- mention negative results as well as positive. Save that for the discussion.
- present sufficient details so that others can draw their own inferences and explanations.
- use standard units (MKS)
- key results should be in clear sentences.
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1.
論文の構造:
- 主要な構造はIMRAD
- 題名
- 要約:
- １行で主題の重要性を説明する
- 簡潔、平易、定量的に
- 長さは約400語
- 引用はなし
- 何を、なぜ、どのように行ったのか？
- 何を得たのか？
- なぜ重要なのか？
- 序論:
- 本文記述の後に書く
- 読者が後述を読みたくなるように
- 論文のゴール
- 背景となる情報、文脈も書く
- 作業の範囲
- ロードマップ、内容の一覧
- 独創性と分析の記述
- 方法:
- 結論に対する信憑性の評価
- 実験の検証可能性
- 技術、手段、機具、測定方法
- 限界、推定、有効の範囲
- 結論:
- 観察、統計、表、図
- 変化の範囲
- ポジティブのみならずネガティブ情報も
- 理解されるような詳細な情報提供
- 標準の単位系
- 結論は明快な文章で
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- >Top Discussion
- Discussion section should be a brief essay in itself, answering following questions.
- What are the major patterns?
- What are the relationship, trends and generalizations among the results?
- What are the exceptions?
- What are the likely causes (mechanism)?
- What is the implication of the present results?
- Multiple hypotheses; several possible explanations for the results.
- Avoid bandwagons.
- What are the things we now know or we understnd that we didn't know?
- What is the significance of the present results.
- Conclusions:
- What is the strongest and most important statement?
- What do you want the reader to remember about the paper six months from now.
- Summarize new observations, new interpretations, and new insights.
- Recommendations:
- Remedial action to solve the problem.
- Further research to fill the gaps.
- Directions for future investigation.
- Acknowledgements:
- technically, intellectually, financially.
- References:
- all references cited.
- in the following format:
- Surname, A. (1999) Title of the book or thesis. name, Pages
- Appendices:
- include all data, tables, calculations in the appendix.
- Key articles
- List of equipment used.
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- 考察: 考察はそれ自体が簡易な論文と見なせる。
- 何が主な傾向か？
- 何が結論に関係して、そう一般化されるのか？
- 何が例外か？
- 何がそれらしき原因か？
- 何が現在の結論の意味か
- 多くの仮説、結論を導く多様な可能性
- 迎合的な結論の排除
- 何が今わかり、何が今までわからなかったのか？
- 何が今の結論で重要か？
- 結論:
- 何が最も強くて重要な結論か？
- 読者に6ヶ月後に記憶してもらいたいこと
- 新たな観察、新たな解釈、新たな洞察
- 提言:
- 問題解決のための是正活動
- ギャップを埋めるための追加調査
- 将来の調査の方向
- 謝辞:
- 参考文献
- 付属書:
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>Top 2. Crosscutting Issues:
- What are we looking for?
- Look for a critical analysis
- Answer a scientific question or hypothesis.
- Gather evidence from various sources to allow you to make interpretations and judgments.
- Approach/methods should be carefully designed to come to closure.
- Results should be clearly defines and discussed.
- Cite relevant literature should be cited.
- Place analysis in a broader content, and highlight the implications of your work.
- Well-reasoned line of argument, from initial question compilation of relevant evidence, setting data in a general context, and judgment based on analysis.
- Clearly write your thesis as per the format.
- Planning ahead for your thesis
- The best strategy is to pick a project that you are interested in, but also that a faculty member is working on.
This person will become your research mentor and this gives you someone to talk with and get background material from.
- Writing for an audience
- Who is your audience?
- Researchers working in analogous field areas elsewhere in the world.
- Researchers working in your field area, but with different techniques.
- Researchers working on the same interval of geologic time elsewhere in the world.
- Researchers working on the same process in the ancient record.
- People writing a synthesis paper on important new developments in your field.
- People apply earth science to societal problems.
- Potential reviewers of your manuscript or your thesis committee.
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2.
関連する課題:
- 何を追求しているのか？:
- 重大な分析
- 科学的疑問・仮説に対する回答
- 解釈・判定に至った根拠
- 結論に至る方法論
- 結論に対する明確な定義と議論
- 引用文献
- 広い文脈での分析および特筆すべき点
- 議論の展開、分析に基づく判断
- 様式に準拠した明快な記述
- 論文に先立つ計画:
- 誰が聴衆か？
- 世界で同じ分野の研究者
- 異なる技術を持つ同じ分野の研究者
- 世界でその都度現れる研究者
- 過去の記録で同じプロセスを行った研究者
- 同じ分野で新たな開発手法で発展的な論文を書いている人達
- 地球科学を社会科学に応用しようとしている人達
- 当該原稿を査読する論文委員会の委員
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- >Top Skimming vs. reading
- Papers more skimmed than read. Skimming involves reading the abstract, and looking at the figures and figure captions. You should construct your paper so that it can be understood by skimming.
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- 速読(スキム)か精読か
- 読者の多くは速読である。その場合は要約、図表、図表の表題に目を通す。速読でも内容が伝わるようにする必要がある。
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- Order of writing
- Write up a preliminary version of the background section. (the basis for the introduction)
- As you collect data, write up the methods section.
- When you have some data, start making plots and tables of the data.
- Once you have a complete set of plots and statistical tests, arrange the plots and tables in a logical order. Write figure captions.
- Once your plots and table are complete, write the results section. You must describe your results, but not interpret them. If good ideas occur at this time, save them for the discussion section.
- Once you have written the results section, you can move on to the discussion section. This is usually fun to write, because now you can talk about your ideas about the data.
- In writing the discussion session, be sure to adequately discuss the work of other authors who collected data on the same or related scientific questions.
- After you have discussed the data, you can write the conclusions section. If some hypothesis can be ruled out as a result, say so. If more work is needed for definitive answer, say that.
- The final section in the paper is recommendation section. This is really the end of the conclusion section in a scientific paper.
- After you have finished the recommendation section, look back at the original introduction; you will probably need to rewrite the introduction.
- you must write your abstract last.
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- 記述の順序:
- まず予備的な記述 (序文の基礎になる)
- データ収集、方法論の記述
- 一部のデータが集まった段階で、図表の作成に取り掛かる。
- 図表のプロットが完了すれば、論理の順番に並べて、その表題を決める。
- 図表が完成すれば、結論の部分を書く。但しその解釈は後。よいアイデアが浮かんでも後の議論の部にとっておく。
- 結論の部が完成すれば、議論の部に移る。これを書くのは楽しい。それはデータについて著者のアイデアを述べることができるから。
- 討論の部を書く場合、同様のデータや関連する疑問を集めてくれた共著者の役割を適切に記述する。
- データに関する議論の後、結論の部を書く。ある仮説で結論に導かれる場合、あるいは確定的な答えを得るためにさらに作業が必要な場合は、その旨を記述する。
- 論文の最終部分は、提言の部である。科学論文ではこの結論の部が最後である。
- 提言の部分の完了後、当初の序文を見直す。おそらく序文は書き直されることになる。
- そして要約は最後に書く。
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- >Top Figures and tables
- All figures and tables should be numbered: as figure-1, table-1, etc.
- Include a caption for each figure and table.
- Is the figure self-explanatory?
- Tying the text to the data
- "Show them, don't just tell them."
- Assess whether the data support the textual statement.
- Giving credit:
- Fair and accurate references.
- quotes with quotation marks
- concepts/ideas without attribution
- omitting or fabricating data or results
- references carefully.
- Final thesis
- Make 3 final copies: 1 to mentor and 2 to department.
- Printed clearly on white paper.
- Double-space using 12-point font.
- 1-inch margins.
- Double-sided saves paper
- Include page numbers.
- Resources
- Look at other theses.
- Ask your research advisor for help.
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- 図表:
- すべての図表には番号を付ける。図表-1など
- 各々の図表には表題をつける。
- 図表は自明か？
- 文章とデータとの整合性:
- データを見れば一目瞭然とする。
- データが文章内容の根拠になっているか評価する。
- 論文の信頼性:
- 公平で正確な参考文献
- 引用は" "で
- 内容・アイデアは他からの借用でないこと
- データや結論の抜け・改ざんがないこと
- 参考文献は慎重に
- 最終論文:
- 最終論文は3部。査読者1部、所属組織2部
- 白紙に印刷
- ダブルスペース、12pt
- マージン1インチ
- 両面印刷
- ページ番号付き
- リソース:
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>Top 3. Editing your thesis :
- Copy editing
- Proofread your thesis a few times.
- Check your spelling by spell checkers and finally by eye.
- Check your grammar; punctuation, sentence structure, subject-verb agreement, tense consistency, etc.
- Give it to others to read and comment.
- Content editing
- logic
- repetition, relevance
- style
- Avoiding ambiguity
- Avoid nested clauses/phrases
- Don't use double negatives
- Don't use dangling participles
- Ensure that antecedent for every pronoun is crystal clear.
- Ensure that subject and verb agree in number.
- Avoid qualitative adjectives when concepts are quantifiable.
- Avoid noun strings
- Don't use unexplained acronyms. Spell out all acronyms the first time that you use them.
- Thesis length
- Write for brevity rather than length.
- Use tables for repetitive information.
- Delete conclusions that are not directly supported by results.
- average thesis length is about 40 pages of text plus figures. (include references, but not appendices)
- Scrutinize adjectives, adverbs and prepositional phases.
- Writing for an international audience
- Put as much information as possible into figures and tables.
- Readers may not familiar with your field area.
- Use shorter sentences. Avoid nested clauses or phases.
- Avoid idioms.
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3.
論文編集に当たって:
- 原稿の編集:
- 論文の校正数回
- スペルチェック、最後は目でもチェック
- 文法チェック：句読点、構文、主語同士の一致、時制など
- 他人の査読・コメント
- 内容の編集:
- 曖昧性の排除:
- 入れ子表現はしない
- 二重否定はしない
- 懸垂分詞は使わない
意味主語が文の主語と異なる分詞
Cf: Approaching NY, the skyline came into view.
- 代名詞の先行詞が明確か
- 主語・動詞の数の一致
- 定性的形容詞ではなく定量的な表現にする
- 名詞の連結は避ける
- 定義されない略語は使わない
- 論文の長さ:
- 冗長を避け簡潔に
- 情報の繰り返しではなく表を利用
- 直接の帰結に基づかない結論を避ける
- 論文の平均的な長さは40頁
- 形容詞、副詞、前置詞の使い方を精査
- 国際的な読者への配慮:
- 図表の最大の情報を込める
- 読者は、当該分野に詳しくない可能性
- 短い文章にする。入れ子構造の節・句は避ける
- イディオムは避ける。
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