Sense of English	Cat: LAN Pub: 1993 #1815b
	Eiichoro Ohtsu (大津栄一郎)	up 18x05

Title	Sense of English	英語の感覚
Index	Preface: Visible or invisible: Moving or nonmoving self: World of existence or nonexistence: Dynamic capture of things: Combination of words: Stance of expressions:	序文: 見えるもの、見えないもの: 動かない自己、動く自己: 存在界のことか、非存在界のことか: ものごとを動的に捉える: 言葉を組み合わせる: 表現の姿勢:
Tag	; Active verb; Afferent; Apodosis; Article; Bare infinitive; Causative verb; Cognate verb; Combination of words; Comparative expression; Definition of limit; Demonstrative pronoun;Dynamic capture; Efferent; Epithet; Factitive verb; Gerund; Impersonal it; Kind of nouns; Mental activity; Metaphysical; Mood; Occurrence time; Paragraph; Participle; Passive voice; Perceptive verb; Phantom; Protasis; Satire; Speaker; Stance of expression; Stative verb; SVOC; Temporal awareness; That clause; Transitive verb;

>Top 0. Preface: To use a foreign languse as a second one, we must use it for ourselves, or for self-assertion neither to be neglected nor crushed (like an immigrant to USA). This book is titled as 'Sense of English', which means 'The world-view required to speak English' or 'Some views on English as a Japanese.' 敢えて単純に英訳できない表題「英語の感覚」とした。

1. 序文:

Résumé	Remarks
>Top 1. Visible thing or non-visible?: Personal pronoun: big difference of personal pronouns between English and Japanese. Japanese personal pronoun is derived from demonstrative pronoun. あなた =you; こなた =I ¶ This is Brown speaking.; Who is this? Japanese personal pronoun is not independent, which is included as a part of pronoun. >Top Visible or invisible (metaphysical) pronoun demonstrative pronoun = mentioning visible; personal pronoun = invisible ¶ There is an old man coming up here. I know him. (I know that old man.) ¶ I don't understand you. ¶ Do you catch me? ¶ Have you go him? it has personality: ¶ Our baby is crying. It wants mother's care. ¶ What is this? It is a book. (本です。it=人称代名詞) ¶ What is this? That is a book. (それは本です。that=指示代名詞) >Top Impersonal it: formal or provisional subject; itは特定を保留･回避した代用語 ¶ It is not use crying over spilt milk. ¶ I thought it best to keep silent. ¶ The rain falls./The weather is rainy./It is rainy. (その時は雨模様) ¶ The room is dark./It's dark in the room. (部屋は何かが暗い。) ¶ That's it. (見聞きしたものはそれだ。) ¶ Don't let it come to a breach between us. (それ=友情を壊すな。) ¶ Fight it out. (苦境を戦い抜け。) ¶ I've had a good time of it. (楽しい時間を過ごせた。) ¶ They made a night of it. ¶ Make it to Jamaica. (it=your way, the way, your effort, time, or money...) ¶ She made it as a jazz singer. (it=success, reputation, money...) ¶ You will make it if you hurry. (punctually, preparation, arrangement...) ¶ That guy made it with her. (sex ...) ¶ Take it easy (relax, comfortable, ) ¶ He made a good job of it. (profitable, acceptable...) ¶ Let me set it right. /Let me sum it up./I did it/I've done it/Your answer is it./I feel it's hot in the heard. >Top Article: the Browns Lake Michigan: 固有名詞化 in the morning; in the evening at night, by night; in the night. ¶ Mix the sugar with the flour.; Mix the sugar with flour.; Mix sugar with the flour. (レシピ表示の一定量) Adjective and Adverb: 日本語は見える範囲での表現する言語 ¶ She gazed at the baby with a happy simile. (幸福そうな微笑で) ¶ She left the store happily. (幸福な気持で)	1. みえるもの、見えないもの: personal pronoun: 人称代名詞; 見えないもの=形而上的存在 demonstrative pronoun: 指示代名詞; this, these, that, those formal/provisional subject: 仮主語 人称/指示代名詞の日英比較   Japanese English 人称 代名詞 位置関係 status 人格 metaphysical 丁寧さ あの人>彼 he>that man 神 氏神、八百万、上代 唯一絶対神 起源 曖昧 重視       名詞の分類: 英: 何でも名前をつける ¶ forms of bolts and boltheads >Top 冠詞は話者 (speaker)が決定 in the morning at night ものの総称: a horse; horses; the horse; the horses a man; men; the man; the men; ¶ Man is mortal. ¶ human being; divine being; animal being play baseball; play the piano 日: 見える範囲で表現 英: 目に見えないものも見える
>Top 名詞の種類, Kind of nouns: 国文法区分 普通名詞 固有名詞 En. Grammar Common Noun Collective N. Material N. Abstract N. Proper N. Eg. boy; word family; audience; crew; police; enemy; public; machinery meat; iron; wine; brick; earth; oil; justice; art; furniture (=to furnish a room suitable); equipment (=to equip with necessary items) Tokyo, Lincoln Visible/ nonvisible ○ ○ ☓ ☓ ☓ Plural ○ ○ ☓ ☓ ☓ Article ○ ○ ☓ ☓ ☓ Except. ¶What fruits are in season now? ¶You needn't make allowances for my being a woman. ¶She comes from the oldest family in Devonshire. ¶Pass me a glass. ¶A man of family is not necessarily a man of ability. ¶There are many Tokyos now in Japan. Prosopopoeia ¶ The Fatal Sisters/the Weird Sisters (Nona, Decima, Morta); telomerase. ¶ Winter is gone. Spring has come. ¶ A church looked down over the square. Dynamism of noun ¶ Anger had never been easy for him. ¶ There is too much betrayal, there is a general atmosphere of intellectual disgrace. Dichotomy Every noun has its unique name.

>Top 2. Moving self or nonmoving?: 英: 発想の遠心性 (efferent)と日: 発想の求心性 (afferent): Paragraph (段落): a distinct section of a piece of writing. 英: Paragraphの構成、論理的な表現方法を重視。(文法やSpellよりも） 英: 結論が先。日本語の翻訳の難しさは、結論が最後に来る文体のため。 日: Paragraphの概念が欠除。論理的に表現する技術が自覚されない。 日: 俳句が芸術なのも、発想の求心性に依存。 >Top 事象の変化(=時間認識 temporal awareness): 事象の時間認識 過去aspect 現在aspect 未来aspect その瞬間静止 過去時制 現在時制 ¶ I dislike him. ¶ He satands six feet. 未来時制 その瞬間進行中 過去進行時制 現在進行時制 未来進行時制 その週間完了 過去完了時制 現在完了時制 未来完了時制 過去の時点での未来 過去未来時制             その瞬間静止した状態: 現在時制 そお瞬間進行中の状態: 現在進行時制 その瞬間完了した状態: 現在完了時制

2. 動かない自己、動く自己: temporal: relating to worldly/time 動詞の位置: 英: 動詞が前。文は遠心的。前述した動詞はその後も意識される。 日: 動詞が最後。一つの文で完結。一文毎に話者の位置や姿勢が変わり得る 時間認識: 日: 過去から未来へ 英: 未来が次々やって来る

>Top 3. The world of existence or non-existence: Mood: Indicative mood: 直接法: 存在界の事象を伝達 Subjenctive mood: 仮定法: 非存在界(幽霊的phantom or ghost)の事象を伝達 仮定+推測によって非存在界を表現する(=仮定法) <仮定の接続詞> if, unless, suppose, suppposing, provided, in case <推測の助動詞> will, shall, can, may, must 動詞の意味を強めるには時制を過去にする進める。 ¶ if you had ... / if that were ... 直接法過去→仮定法過去完了 直接法現在→仮定法過去 直接法未来→仮定法現在 推測表現 ¶ He will be there. →過去未来(過去起点の未来表現) ¶ He would be there. Imperative mood: 命令法: 存在界&非存在界の事象を伝達 >Top 仮定節 (条件節): Subjunctive clause (Assumption clause); Protasis 直接法 仮定法 (仮定法過去完了) As he had gone away, If he had not gone away, Because he was not there, If he had been there, When she was walking in the park, If she had not been walking in the park, Since you could not stay home, If you could have stayed home, As he has not come yet, If he had been there, As he will not have been there, If he would have been there, As he may not have been there, If he might have gone there, 直接法 仮定法 (仮定法過去) When he is not home, If he were(was) home, As I can not start soon, If I could start soon, Since he will go, If he would not go, Because I shall not fail this time, If I should fail this time, 直接法 仮定法 (仮定法現在) 複数の現在形(古風); notなし If it will rain tomorrow, If it rain (rains) tomorrow, In case he will stay here, If he stay(stays) here, 推測節 (帰結節): Consequence Clause; Apodosis 直接法 仮定法 (仮定法過去完了) he had done it. he would not have done it. she did not say so. she would have said so. I was walking in the park. I would not have been walking in the park. you could not be in time. you could have been in time. she has done it. she would not have done it. 直接法 仮定法 (仮定法過去完了) 感情･判断付き (To my regret,) he did not do it. he should have done it. (To be regretable,) he did it. he should not have done it. (I'm sorry that) he did not come. he ought to have come. (To my sorrow,) he came. he ought not to have come. (To my surprise,) she did not say so. she might have said so. (To my surprise,) he did not become a billionaire. he might have become a billionaire. 直接法 仮定法 (仮定法過去) he does not believe it. he would believe it. he is walking. he would not be walking. I am not glad. I would be glad. 直接法 仮定法 (仮定法過去) 推測･謙譲･婉曲→意外 I will(shall) like to visit you. I would(should) like to visit you. You shall obey your father. You should obey your father. What can I do for you? What could I do for you? May I come it? Might I come in? What will you say about this? What would you say about this? Why shall you suspect me? Why should you suspect me? >Top 様々の仮定節＋推測節時制の組み合わせ; 事象発生時期occurence timeを明確に把握 If I were you , I would act at one. 仮定法過去+仮定法過去 If he had not died in the accident, he would be 20 now. 仮定法過去完了+仮定法過去 If he were in this town, we would have already seen him somewhere. 仮定法過去+仮定法過去完了 If he had been bewildere before, he was now terrified. 仮定法過去完了+直接法過去 その他留意すべき仮定法 I wish I could come to see you. wish付きの拒絶表現 I wish I were a bird. /I wished I were a bird. 時制の一致の制約なし

3. 存在界のことか、非存在界のことか:   ・

>Top 4. Dynamic capture of things: 動かすのか、動かされるのか; 他動詞の分類: 自動詞→他動詞的表現   fail→abandon, disappoint ¶ Words failed me. 言葉が出なかった。 ¶ His courage failed him. 彼の勇気が出なかった。 stand→bear ¶ I could not stand the cold. 寒さに耐えられなかった。 ¶ He stood us a drink. 一杯おごった。 ¶ He stood a ladder against the wall. 立てかけた。 become→suit ¶ Such a mystification becomes him. いかにも彼らしい。 go→endure ¶ I can't go this heat. 耐えられない。 他動詞→自動詞的表現   bear→produce ¶ This tree bears well. よく実がなる。 cook, boil, fry, roast ¶ Meat cooks [boils, fries, roasts] better than vegetables. 料理すると野菜よりうまい carry→reach ¶ His voice does not carry well. 通らない。 catch→lock ¶ This lock does not catch. かからない。 cut→short cut ¶ This lane cuts. 近道だ。 drink→good taste ¶ This drinks [eats] well うまい。 feel→comfortable ¶ This cloth feels well. 手触りがよい。 wear/wash ¶ Shirts of thsi cloth wear[wash] badly. 持ちが悪い[洗いに弱い] pay→advantageous ¶ It pays to advertise. 割に合う。 pull→exert force ¶ These roots pull hard. なかなか抜けない。 pull ¶ The train pulled in. 入ってきた。 sell ¶ This sells well. よく売れる。 sweep ¶ Children swept in. さっと入ってきた。 ¶ The news swept through the town. 走り抜けた。 take ¶ A jetliner took off. 離陸した。 tear ¶ The cloud tore. ちぎれた。 ¶ He tore through the street. 走り抜けた。 他動詞の用法: Pattern Active voice (積極的な声の調子) Passive voice (消極的な声の調子) SVO ¶ He abhors to be criticized. 名詞句 (noun phrase); 不定詞 ¶ Children learn how to skate easily. 名詞句; 疑問詞+不定詞 ¶ He now regrests having quit college. 名詞句; 動名詞 ¶ She knows what she should do. 名詞節 (noun clause) ¶ He laid himself on a couch. 再帰動詞 (reflexive verb) ¶ He overworked himself. ¶ He live a happy life. >Top 同族目的動詞 (cognate verb) ¶ That hourse ran a mile-and-half's race. ¶ They laughed at her. 自動詞+前置詞=他動詞的 ¶ They played on her credulity. ¶ They robbed me of my wallet. of: 分離ではなく同格の前置詞 ¶ They stripped me of my shirt. ¶ The new mediccine will cure him of his cronic kedney disease. of: 分離の前置詞 ¶ He asked a few questions of me. of: 出発点 SVOO ¶ Do me a favor. 授与動詞 (dative verb): ask, bring, buy, deny, fetch, give, lend, hand, make, order, pass, reach, refuse, send, show, teach, tell ¶ They offered her a good postion. ¶ Would you reach me the sugar. ¶ She denied her son nothing. ¶ They refused Tome the promotion. ¶ He taught her how to ski. 名詞句 ¶ I can't tell you how sorry I was to hear the sad news. 名詞節 ¶ He told us that he had never doubted us. ¶ He gave her to understand that he had to part from her. 名詞節; 理解するようにthat...を与える。 SVO+for ¶ She bought herself a pet dog. =She bought a pet dog for herself. SVO+of ¶ He asked me strane questions. =He asked strange questions of me. SVO+on ¶ He played us a dirty trick. =He played a dirty trick on us. SVO+for ¶ Bees provide us honey. =Bees provide honey for us. 米 SVO +for/to ¶ He supplied me the necessary information　米 =He suppled the necessary information for[to] me SVOC ̄ >Top 不完全他動詞 ¶ He name his ｓon George. 目的各補語: 目的語の状態･動作･変化を伝達 ¶ I believe him innocent. 作為動詞 (factitive verb): 〜とする: make, choose appoint, elect get, have, keep, leave, let, render. 〜考える: think, believe, consider, find, take 〜と称す: call, name ¶ We thought it him 代名詞 ¶ I found him in. 副詞 ¶ Tell the boy to return soon 不定詞句 ¶ Imagine him nursing a baby. 現在分詞句 ¶ He left her perplexed by his words. 過去分詞句 ¶ We consider this of the most importance. 形容詞句 ¶ I have made him what he is. 関係詞節 使役動詞 (causative verb) have, make, let, bit: (原形不定詞) get, allow, bid,, cause, compel, force, induce: (to不定詞) ¶ Have him do it. 原形不定詞 ¶ She let him kno it. ¶ He bade the boy go at once. ¶ Get him to do it. to不定詞 ¶ The commander ordered him men to advance.   ¶ He demanded that we should include him. domandするものを目的語 ☓ He demanded us to include him. SVOC ¶ He had[got] a new bicycle bought by his mother.   >Top 知覚動詞 (perceptive verb) see, watch, look at, notice, observe, perceive, watch hear, listen to feel △perceive; Nobody perceived Jamie going out of the room. (原形不定詞は稀) ☓ find; I found the rumor to be true. ¶ I saw a bird fly. 知覚動詞 ¶ A bird was seen to fly. (to必要) ¶ He heard someone knock. ¶ Someone was heard to knock. ¶ I sometimes feel my heart beat these days. ¶ My heart is sometimes felt to beat these days. ¶ A voice was heard to call for help. to不定詞再来 ¶ I felt an ant creeping on my leg 進行相 An ant was felt creeping on my leg. ¶ I heard a door slammed upstairs. ☓A door was heart slammed upstairs. 意味が自動詞的だと受動態になれない。 ¶ We have brakfast at seven o'clock. ☓ Breakfas is had at seven o'clock. ¶ I have just had a letter from my son. ☓ A letter from my son has just been had. ¶ Carry this. (命令形の場合) ¶ Let this be carried. ¶ Have him do it. ¶ Let him (☓ be had to) do it.   ¶ Yoiu have got to do it at once. 米 have to=have got to 個別的 >Top 分詞･原形不定詞･不定詞･動名詞 Pattern ¶ 意味 分詞と不定詞の違い ¶ With a view to becoming an artist. ¶ 画家の状態になる視野をもって (現実域の表現) ¶ I like teaching English. ¶ 英語を教えている現実が好きだ ¶ I like to teach English ¶ 英語を教えるような未来が好きだ ¶ You need exercising. ¶ 運動が足りない。 ¶ You need to exerise. ¶ これから運動が必要だ。 ¶ I remember having met her before. ¶ =I remember meeting her before. ¶ He helped her do the dishes. ¶ 同時に皿洗いを手伝った。 ¶ He helped her to do the dishes. ¶ 彼女を皿洗いを間接的に手伝った。 ¶ You must obey your father. ¶ 父親に直ちに従え ¶ You must to obey your father. ¶ 父親には従う心構えが必要 have to ¶ You have to see her home. ¶ 彼女を家まで送り届けることを持っている→送り届けなければならない。 be to ¶ She is to return to her mother's. ¶ 母の家に戻るために存在→はずだ。   ¶ ¶   ¶ ¶   ¶ ¶

4. ものごとを動的にとらえる: transive verb: 他動詞 transive: <transit, gone across stative verb: 状態動詞 active verb: 動作動詞 英語には10の時間表現→進行相や完了相の表現方式。 日本語は目的語を含め動詞が全体として自動詞的 英語の動詞は大半が他動詞 英訳も他動詞的に ¶ I don't think they will elect him president. 会長に得られることはあるまい。 ¶ This district will have winter soon. もうすぐ冬になるだろう。 ¶ Stay and eat curried rice, as I am making it now. 手料理を食べていってくれたまえ。 >Top 動かすのか動かされるのか 能動態と受動態 Active/Passive voice 再帰動詞 ¶ He overworked himself. SVOO: 授与動詞(dative verb) ¶ Do me a favor. SVOC: 不完全他動詞 >Top 作為動詞(factitive verb) ¶ We thought it him. 使役動詞(causative verb) ¶ He made me go. 知覚動詞(perceptive verb) ¶ I saw a bird fly. [do]が隠れている。 I [do]make reports in the morning. I do always make ... I am busy with reports in the morning. I am alyas busy ... >Top 分詞(participle ≤participate); 動詞が形容詞の仲間に参加 beある+ingしつつ=進行形 beいる+ppし終わって=受動形 ¶ He has the hedge sheared.刈り込まれた垣根を持つ→He has sheared the hedge.刈り込んでしまった。 >Top 動名詞gerund=現在分詞の転用による動詞的な名詞 ¶ Stop being idel. 原形不定詞とto不定詞; 未現実の実現 ¶ I like to teach English.                           米の用法: have to =have got to     SVOC文型: 不完全他動詞; ★むしろ高度な動詞           分詞 (particle <participate): 動詞が形容詞/現在/過去に参加している分詞の意 不定詞: 動詞の名詞化; 原形の転用による不定詞; infinitiveはfiniteでない＝限定されない; 原形動詞は観念なので、それが具体的に現れた時の呼称が不定詞; to不定詞のtoは、動詞的状態への到達する未来を意味。 I like to teach English. 英語を教えるようなるのを好む。 動名詞: 動詞の名詞化: 現在分詞の転用による動名詞; 動的な名詞の形成 Stop weeping. 進行中の泣くのをやめよ。 動名詞は、現在進行中〜過去の事象を表現する。 不定詞 (infinitive <L. infinitus, infinite)、原形不定詞 (bare infinitive)、動名詞 (gerund <L. gerere, do): 助動詞: 推測(will, shall), 可能(can, may), 義務(must, ought)は動詞に時速間を与える。 助動詞doは、あらゆる動作を包括し、動詞に具体性を与える助動詞。

>Top 5. Combination of words: 英語の単語は即物的 (realistic & practical) 組み合わせによる表現の多様化 SVOC文型の発展 (>Fig) 前置詞+名詞→形容詞句、副詞句 ¶ He that lies down with dogs, will rise up with fleas. (朱に交われば) 動詞(分詞･不定詞･動名詞)→形容詞句、副詞句、名詞句 名詞句･形容詞句･副詞句･代名詞句･動詞句･助動詞句･前置詞句･接続詞句→節 代名詞句: one another 動詞句: catch out, take place, cut a person's face 助動詞句: ought to, had etter, had rather 前置詞句: out of, from behind, inside of, on the side of 接続詞句: as if, as though 節: 名詞節 形容詞節: 関係詞 副詞節 thatの用法: thatの前の前置詞の省略 I am sure of it, that you will succeed. → I am sure of it that you will succeed. → I am sure that you will succeed. that 非省略の動詞: advise, agree, assert, assume, assure, aver, boast, calculate, claim, conceive, confide, convince, doubt, explain, find , forget, hold , judge, learn, maintain, reckon, persuade, promise, prove, privide, read, recollect, recommend, suspect, state, sugget , write >Top 精神活動(mental activity)の諸形態を表示する動詞: [〜だと...; 意味はthat節をとる自動詞的] be+形容詞[過去分詞]+that that 省略 or非省略の動詞: confess, consider, declair, grant, hear, hope, kno, perceive, propose, say , see, tell, understand that 普通省略の動詞: believe, jmagine, presume, remember, think, suppose that 常に省略の動詞: wish 動詞とthat節との間の隙間: He insists that she is innocent. We believe she is innocent. to不定詞(推測･信念)とthat節(事実); be動詞の場合書き換え可能、be動詞以外は助動詞必要 We know him to be an architect. =We know that he is an architect. I think her to be a good mother. =I think that she is a good mother We advised him to keep his neutral position. =We advised him that he (should) keep his neutral position. I promised him to meet him at the airport. =I promised that I would meet him at the airport. >Top 比較表現 (Comparative expression): as〜as any...; as〜as...can; as〜as ever... She was as great a statesman as any was. [as any could be; as ever lived] We might as well cooperate with him as not. We might as well expect the sun to rise in the west. not so much ... as He is not so much a scholar as a journalist. He did not so much as cast an eye on it. (一瞥もせず） no more ... than; no less... than; not any more ...than; ☓not any less ...than He is no more satisfied than you. A whale is not a fish any more than a horse is. A home without love is no more a home than a body without a soul is a man. He is no less same than you. >Top 転移形容語句(transferred epithet) a nice cup of tea =a cup of nice tea

5. 言葉を組み合わせる: combination: joining of different parts in which component elements are individually distinct 句の形成: 前置詞+名詞 節の形成: 接続詞･関係詞･疑問詞 文法用語の限界: ¶ I made haer change her plan.ではchangeは補語だが、change her planは形容詞句か名詞句か?   to不定詞: 推測･信念の表現(未現実) >Top that節(that clause): 現実の表現 建築家だろうと思う 建築家であると知る 感情表現vs 精神活動表現 I am fond of it I am sure that   >Top ε-δ definition of limit: if for ever $\epsilon >0$ there exists a $\delta$ such that, for all $x\in D$, if ... , then, ...

>Top 6. Stance of expressions: 風刺 (satire): 自分の真意を強く印象づけるため You are as good as an umbrella on a rainy day. What a blessed nuisance. He may be a descendant of the great John Knox himself, for what we know to the contrary. for aught I know, for all I know, for what I know. A parrot, who, for any signs of life he had previously given, might have been a wooden bird. He failed for all his efforts. as likely as not =probably =very likely as often as not =more often than not =very often Nothing comes out of nothing.

6. 表現の姿勢: satire: use of humour, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule humour: quality of being amusing or comic. bored: feeling weary and impatient because one is unoccupied or lack interest in one's current activity. Humour: 瞬時に自分の視点を変えて、物事を見つめ直す術 人間は退屈する動物: Human being is an animal which usually getting bored.

Comment

There are many exceptions in English grammar; we are only forced to remember them to imitate the native exceptional expressions. This is a book explaining a part of the reason with the knowledge of linguistics and other historical background of English as well as full imagination of culture and people, so as not to be bored.

英文法には多くの例外表現がある。我々はその固有の例外を模倣すべく覚えなければならなかった。 本書は、言語学の知識や英国の歴史的背景、さらには文化や人々に対する想像力を使って、(退屈しないような表現で) その理由の一部を解明しようとしている。