The Future of New Transport Industry

Cat: ECO
Pub: 2024
#2506

The Future of New Transport Industry

交通産業の新たな未来

0. Introduction:
1. Five Trends of the Automobile Industry (PwC):
2. Detaile of Five Trends Report:
3. Riding on the Monorail in Wuhan:
4. Fully Automated Taxi in Wuhan:
5. Explanation of Monorail in Wuhan:
6. Ten Best Places to Visit in Wuhan 2025:
7. NNNNN:
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0. 序文:
1. 自動車産業５つの潮流:
2. ５つの潮流(詳細):
3. 武漢のモノレール体験:
4. 武漢の自動運転タクシー:
5. 武漢のモノレールの説明:
6. 武漢市観光名所10選 (2025):
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English

Reference

>Top 0. Introduction:

1. Understanding the new technology and enjoying attractive sightseeing.

0. 序文:

1. 新技術の理解と魅力的な観光名所:

>Top 1. Five Trends of the Automobile Industry (PwC):

https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/industries/automotive/publications/eascy.html

1. The mobility of the future is “eascy” - electrified, autonomous, shared, connected and “yearly” updated. In this study, we describe the factors influencing the sector leading up to 2030 in the key US, Europe, and China markets. It also describes how the automotive industry should restructure itself in terms of volume, scale, and complexity.
2. Through mathematical modeling of key performance indicators and demographic trends, the paper discusses:
   1. Mobility behaviour of users through social personas* and how they could influence traffic demand;
   2. External factors that will influence mobility habits, vehicle mileage and frequency of usage
   3. Predictions of car inventory, replacement cycles and new sales; and
   4. Implications for manufacturers, suppliers, service providers and their business models. 
3. Electrified - the transition to emissions-free mobility will become a global requirement. Electricity used to charge vehicles will increasingly come from renewable sources to ensure carbon dioxide-neutral mobility.
   1. The transition to emissions-free individual mobility would hardly be possible without the electrification of the drive train. First, there is the issue of local components - the fact that cars now only emit very low levels of harmful substances, dust and noise. It also seems that going “emissions-free” will be a global initiative: The idea is that the electricity used to charge the vehicles will come from renewable sources to ensure CO2-neutral mobility.
4. Autonomous - The development of vehicles which require no human intervention will reduce the use of public mobility platforms and offer individual mobility to new user groups.
   1. The rapid progress made in areas such as artificial intelligence, machine learning and deep neural networks make it possible to achieve what until recently seemed utopian - namely the development of autonomous vehicles, which require no human intervention even in complex traffic situations. This will completely redefine the use of individual mobility platforms. New application scenarios are emerging that would have been unthinkable just a few years ago. ♦A
      
      
5. Shared - Professionally managed fleets of shared vehicles will reduce the cost of mobilty by a significant amount through more efficient use of expensive mobile assets.
   1. For several years, many big cities have offered car-sharing facilities. While these are currently often run as pilot projects or citizen initiatives, sharing concepts will become economically viable with the introduction of autonomous vehicles. It will no longer be necessary to search for a shared vehicle in the surrounding area: instead it will be possible to order vehicles to wherever the user happens to be via a convenient “on demand” service.
6. Connected - This applies in two ways: communication between cars or with traffic management infrastructure or between vehicle occupants and the outside world. The car of the future will become a “third place” between home and workplace, combining features of both. 
   1. The fourth “eascy” dimension is the networking of cars with the outside world – summarised by the concept of the Connected Car. This term actually represents two concepts at once. On the one
      hand, it applies to Car2Car and Car2X communication, which is the networking of the car with other cars or with the transport infrastructure (such as traffic lights). On the other hand, the
      term also covers the networking of vehicle occupants with the outside world. In future, they will be able to communicate, work, surf the internet or access multi-media services during the journey.
7. ‘Yearly’ updated - The range of models will be updated annually to integrate the latest hardware and software developments, and react to changing requirements of shared fleet buyers.
   1. The development topics of electrified, autonomous,
      connected and shared will lead to a clear increase in the rate of innovation within the automotive
      industry. Model cycles of five to eight years, which have always been common in this sector, could soon be a thing of the past. Instead, the range of models will be updated annually in order to integrate the latest hardware and software developments. As customers will naturally not want to buy a new vehicle every year due to the high purchase costs, the short innovation cycles will enter the market primarily through regular upgrades of shared vehicles. ♦B
      
      
8. From the customer’s point of view:
   The five dimensions are associated with numerous benefits. All predictions suggest that driving will become easier, safer, cheaper, and more comfortable. At the same time, the revolution in individual mobility will force the automotive sector to reinvent itself to a certain extent. In our whitepaper Re-inventing the wheel1 we already addressed the key strategic and conceptual consequences of this trend. The present study goes an important step further. PwC Autofacts – a team of automotive industry specialists dedicated to ongoing analysis and prognosis of sector trends – has devised a mathematical model to determine the effects of restructuring on the key performance indicators of this sector. The main focus here is on the existing car inventory and new car sales. Ultimately, these two variables determine the value chain of automotive production – and are therefore critical for the future business models of manufacturers and suppliers in equal measure. For our study, we concentrated on the three largest car markets in the world, namely Europe, the US and China. The study aims to model the future development of the market, starting from the user. The reorientation of the industry can be described through three external factors, three modelling results and three implications:
   1. External factors:
   • Our mobility habits will change.
   • Personal and overall vehicle mileage will both increase.
   • Vehicles will be used more intensively.
   2. Modelling results:
      • The car inventory will decrease significantly.
      • Vehicle ales will rise regardless.
      • Autonomous drivign and electrification will be mutually beneficial.
   3. Implications:
      • Rapid redistributon of R&D investment.
      • Decisions regarding the long-term structure will be made betwen 2020 and 2025.
      • Future business models will include the sale and operation of vehicles.
        

1.

1. eascyの動向:
   2030年までの米欧中での市場動向と自動車業界の量･規模･複雑性について述べる
2. これは主要業績指標と人口動態のモデル化による分析である。
   1. ユーザの社会的側面(仮面)を通じた移動行動と交通需要への影響
   2. 移動習慣、移動量、移動頻度
   3. 車在庫、買替サイクル、新車販売予測
   4. メーカー、サービスプロバイダ’ビジネスモデル
3. 電動化: EV化への移行は世界の傾向’。再生可能エネルギーと脱CO2の潮流。
   1. 排出ガスなし。再生可能エネルギー発電による充電志向
4. 自動化:
   1. ここ2-3年での完全自動運転への進化と移動手段の劇的変化。
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
5. 共同利用:
   1. 特に都市部でのシェア利用試行の拡大。On demanサービス。
6. 通信接続性:
7. 毎年更新:
   

>Top 2. Details of Five Trends Report:

1. 40% of the mileage drien in Europe could be covered by autonomous vehicles in 2030:
1. Our forecasts suggest that by 2030, more than one in three kilometres driven could already involve sharing concepts. At the same time, user preferences will move more towards autonomous mobility. We calculate, based on mileage, that by 2030, the share of autonomous driving in overall traffic may rise to as much as 40%. Developments in Europe and the US are expected to happen at a roughly parallel pace. In China, by contrast, the proliferation of shared and autonomous mobility could happen faster than in the Western world. This would make China the leading market for the transformation of the automotive industry. 
2. External factors:
   • Our mobility behaviour will change radically:
     As soon as the legal questions have been clarified and the main technological hurdles have been overcome, the percentage of shared and autonomous mobility in terms of overall road traffic will rise significantly. Our forecasts suggest that by 2030, more than one in three kilometres driven could already involve sharing concepts. At the same time, user behaviour will move more and more towards autonomous mobility. Here, PwC Autofacts calculates – again based on mileage – that by 2030 this may even rise to as much as 40%. Developments in Europe and the US are expected to happen at a roughly parallel pace.
     In China, by contrast, the penetration of shared and autonomous mobility will happen faster than in the Western world. This could make China the leading market for the transformation of the automotive industry.
   • More people will travel more kilometres:
     Due to rising population figures and higher mobility demands, mileage will continue to increase. At the same time, given that driving will be easier, safer and cheaper, general mobility trends will move even more strongly in the direction
     of individual mobility. In addition, individual transport could become an option for groups of people who have not had access to transport at all in the past,
     such as people with physical disabilities.
     Finally, another factor here, is the rise in mileage due to empty journeys made by autonomous vehicles. PwC Autofacts therefore assumes that personal mileage in Europe could rise by 23% by 2030 to 5.88 trillion kilometres. Forecasts predict an increase of 24% in the US and 183% in China.
   • The car of the future will be used much more intensively:
     Autonomous – and in particular – shared-autonomous vehicles will in the future be far better utilised in terms of capacity than is the case with traditional vehicle use today. The annual mileage will therefore rise dramatically. As a result, the cars will have to be replaced much sooner – even though their active lifetime mileage will increase. The assumption that the lifetime mileage of future cars will be higher has much to do with autonomous and connected driving resulting in fewer accidents. Maintenance and repair costs will drop and lower accident rates will mean that cars will be able to travel many more miles.
2. Effects on the automotive value chain:
1. The comprehensive and rapid reorganisation of the automotive sector after 2025 will have far-reaching consequences for the entire industry and its value chains. Elementary structures and attitudes will have to change fast in order to cope with the developments by 2030 and beyond.
2. If they want to remain successful, both manufacturers and suppliers will have to offer user-oriented innovations. All these trends are likely to become increasingly apparent between 2020 and 2025 – which means that these are decisive years for manufacturers and their suppliers.
3. By 2030 it is expected that Europe's vehicle inventory will reduce from 280 million to 200 million vehicles.
1. The vehicle inventory will fall significantly in some markets:
   In light of the increased utilisation of the fleet, fewer vehicles will be required in the future. PwC Autofacts estimates that the inventory in Europe of currently just over 280 million vehicles could drop by 2030 to around 200 million. This would be a decrease of over 25%. For the US, we forecast a reduction of 22% to 212 million vehicles. Due to the different market situation in China, the inventory there could grow by almost 50% in the same time period to 276 million vehicles, despite the higher utilisation.
2. but vehicle sales will continue to increase:
   Despite the falling inventory, vehicle sales will visibly increase. Vehicles that are used in the traditional way will remain in the inventory for a comparatively long time. By contrast, autonomous, and in particular, shared autonomous vehicles will be changed far more frequently, resulting in rising sales figures. Across Europe, new car sales could rise by 34% during the
   transformation process from around 18 million to just over 24 million units. For the US, PwC Autofacts assumes that there could be growth of 20% and new car sales of almost 22 million in the year 2030. For China, a rise of over 30% to 35 million units sold is expected.
3. Autonomous driving and electrification are mutually beneficial:
   The automation of driving (i.e. socalled autonomous driving) will initially increase primarily in narrowly defined and geographically restricted areas – most likely mainly in inner cities and
   on highways. This is also due to the fact that the dimensions autonomous and electrified are mutually supportive. For example, autonomous vehicles create a clear case for electrical drive since the “inner city” use case is aimed at just this scenario. One example of this is an automatic charging process that uses inductive charging. The reciprocal effect of these two dimensions results in a positive overall effect. It therefore seems possible that by 2030 there will only be a small, single-digit percentage of pure combustion engines among new car sales in the EU. In this scenario,
   more than 55% of new cars will already be fully electrified. Forty percent of new vehicles would still include hybrid drive technologies in combination with combustion engines.
4. In a theoretical 100% Robotaxi scenario:
   the striking reduction in inventory could more than compensate for the effect of the shorter renewal rate and could lead to a drop in new car sales. In such a scenario, it is calculated that 14% of the existing inventory in the EU could be enough to satisfy the entire mobility demand – realistically, however, many more vehicles would need to be available to cover daily and seasonal demand peaks.
4. Over 55% of all new car sales could be fully electrified by 2030:
   Companies that invest 25% of their R&D budget in software applications are rewarded with strong growth:
1. Rapid redistribution of R&D investment:
   It is already clear today that the automotive industry will start to invest less in product range. Within the framework of the Global Innovation 1000 Study2, PwC Strategy& calculated that investment in this field could fall by 19% by as early as 2020. However, this is not necessarily a bad sign. The study came to the overall conclusion that those
   companies who invest their R&D budget in software solutions instead of product range are already showing stronger growth than their competitors. This picture also suggests the direction that manufacturers and suppliers need to take. Apart from Tesla, not a single automotive company is ranked in the top 10 of the most innovative companies in the world (although five are ranked
   between 11 and 20) – even though the company with the highest R&D expenditure is a German automaker. In total, the R&D spent in the automobile industry decreased by 4% between 2015 and 20163 – and that in an era characterised by digital innovation and transformation.
2. Decisions about the long-term structure will be made between 2020 and 2025:
   Between 2020 and 2025 in particular, manufacturers and suppliers will be battling against sinking margins while at the same time they will have to invest heavily in customer-oriented innovations. The traditional automakers will have to consider how much they are prepared to invest in mobility services to ward off a potential decline in their core business. At the same time, the rising sales volume of new vehicles demands additional investment in production capacity for the necessary “hardware,” and those companies that implement flexible and scalable concepts now will be in a position to play an active role in shaping the future from 2025.
3. Future business models cover the sale and operation of vehicles:
   In the future, it will no longer be enough to focus purely on the production and sale of vehicles. Manufacturers and suppliers need to rethink their business model in order to manage the changes across the five dimensions of the "eascy" model. The automotive value chain will no longer finish at the factory door, but will extend across all types of use over the entire lifetime of the vehicle through
   its eventual recycling. The customers and target groups of the automotive industry will no longer be just direct buyers of vehicles, but all users of the products – in private and shared usage models. Software-based, direct interaction with every user – supported by the brand experience which is
   already such a key feature – will lead to higher revenues over the lifecycle of the customer relationship.
5. The focus in on the user:
   1. Younger, technically savvy generations will be a significant driver in the development of more sustainable and convenient mobilitu solutions in the next few years.
   2. Different mobility uses:
      If manufacturers and suppliers expand their business models to cover “operational” elements, then the classic target figures of the sector – namely vehicle sales and vehicle inventory – will become less important. Even so, it is naturally crucial for companies to know how these two figures will change over the coming years. The mathematical model developed by PwC Autofacts, which is the first to quantify the effects of the five “eascy” dimensions, therefore starts with the user (“persona”). By modelling usage behaviour, it is possible to calculate the individual personal mileage and therefore the overall car mileage in a particular market. From this basis it is easier to predict with greater certainty the vehicle inventory and vehicle sales.In order to model usage preferences within the markets under review, we defined three different segments. These so-called “personas” categorise the population based primarily on their attitudes and openness to various forms of mobility and how they use them. In doing so, some major regional and cultural differences must be considered. Additional distinguishing features within the user groups are the age structure and whether they live in an urban or rural environment. This segment logic also enables us to take into account changes in the percentage of the population in each user group over time.
   3. Development 2017 to 2030:
      The young, technically savvy generation will be a significant driver in the development of more sustainable and convenient mobility solutions in the next few years – and will also characterise the attitudes and behaviour of successive generations. By contrast, people in middle age tend to look at the development of new mobility solutions with a degree of scepticism, at least initially. However, there will inevitably be a shift in the percentage of the population towards personas with a more modern orientation – both in Europe and the US as well as in China. This process is likely to be even quicker and more dynamic in China, where the technological change will enjoy the best cultural and political conditions. By 2030, the percentage of the population of “traditional” users will be in strong decline in China. The establishment of autonomous electric taxis and the widespread electrification of public transport will play a major part in this transformation.
      In its urban regions, China will likely have caught up with the US and Europe by 2030 in terms of technological development – and may have even pulled ahead. The varying levels of air pollution in China’s cities (which goes hand in hand with street congestion) is a factor in the move to the introduction of car-sharing and ride-sharing services within a few years in urban settings. These could soon be seen as an equal alternative to traditional forms ofmobility.
6. What does futre mobility look ike? Who is mobile and how?:
1. Mobility needs and preferences are changing:
   The change in the “personas” means that mobility needs will also change in the years ahead. The various “eascy” dimensions each have their own individual drivers. The primary drivers
   of autonomous, for example, are time savings and greater safety. Sharing, on the other hand, is aimed first and foremost at the cost factor. Connected and electrified in turn can be seen
   as hygiene factors in the automotive transformation. After all, the market penetration of electric vehicles is not initially driven by the market economy demand structure, but is primarily a political and regulatory issue.
   The “yearly updates” arise from the high speed of innovation of the other
   “eascy” dimensions, especially in the field of “autonomous” and “electric” –fundamental technical improvements are already happening in such quick succession that they can no longer be integrated into the classic model cycles. Instead of the more cosmetic exercise of “model years,” the automotive industry will have to keep bringing out “annual models” using the latest technology – in some cases including the option of retrofitting earlier annual models to bring them up to date.
2. Using instead of owning:
   Changes in behaviour will characterise the mobility of the future. The breadth and depth of mobility options will increase markedly. This is already being demonstrated by the rising number of suppliers in this segment. Innovative start-ups are fighting for market share with established automotive, transport and logistics companies. There are two different manifestations of shared mobility: car-sharing and ride-hailing.
3. Car-sharing vs. ride-hailing:
   There are two manifestations of car sharing, namely station-based and free-floating. The basic difference lies in the availability of the vehicles. While station-based car sharing means that the
   vehicles can only be collected from predefined stations, the area of availability for free-floating car-sharing reflects the business area of the supplier. Ridehailing, by contrast, is about sharing a journey. This concept is growing in popularity and can no longer be seen as a fringe phenomenon. In 2017, the number of users worldwide is estimated to rise to 338 million. On the whole, there are three different manifestations here:
   • Online car sharing agencies to create driving communities
   • Online platforms that act as brokers for drivers offering journeys in private cars
   • Taxi companies that offer their services via an app
4. The customer wants to use autonomous vehicles:
   Where does car sharing stand in connection to the autonomous dimension:
   in other words, to the automation of driving? In order to be able to give a standardised classification to the level of automation, a stage model of 0 to 5 has been introduced at the national and international level. The German classification comes from the Federal Highway Research Institute [Bundesanstalt für Straßen wesen, or BaSt]
7. Which sharing models are available?:
   Autonomous vehicles will have a strong positive impact on sharing concepts.
   1. The primary use case is found above all in car sharing in urban areas. More and more young people in the city have no car of their own and use sharing concepts in combination with public transport.
   2. Even if it appears that there are strict divisions between the different levels of automation, this is a matter of constant public debate. For example, some automakers see Level 4 as the optimal use case for car-sharing vehicles in a specific geographical area – such as within a particular city. According to this interpretation, a Level 4 vehicle would be allowed to drive autonomously in this area in order to collect customers who have ordered the vehicle “on demand”. Beyond this there are preferred areas of application depending on the level of automation. Vehicles classed as Level 1 to Level 3 are primarily used for overland and highway journeys, as this use case is relatively easier to realise from a technical point of view.
   3. Technical availability and legal considerations are the bottleneck:
      PwC Autofacts assumes that the demand for autonomous vehicles will be different in the large markets of Europe, the US and China. However, customer personas tend to have a positive attitude towards this technology per se in all of these regions. The development is currently limited – apart from technical issues – by a lack of legal principles. Nowadays, there are very few vehicles on the streets that are classified as automation Levels 2 and 3. From a technical point of view,
      more manufacturers and vehicles would be in a position to offer these levels, but the legal framework is still unclear. The current assumption is that vehicles with a Level 4 classification will not come on the market until 2022–2023 at the earliest – even though technically speaking the functionalities could be available sooner. Various automakers have already announced vehicles of
      Levels 4 and 5.
8. Levels of autonomous driving:
   
   1. Autonomous and shared:
      If you combine the two trend dimensions of shared and autonomous, you get four forms of mobility, namely 1) unshared and not autonomous, 2) already shared but not yet autonomous, 3) still unshared but already autonomous, 4) already shared and already autonomous. The most popular form of transport today is still the self-driven private car (therefore “unshared and not autonomous”).
      However, the self-driven shared car (in other words, “already shared but not yet autonomous”) is growing in popularity. The self-driven private car (“still unshared, but already autonomous”) is not yet available on the market, but that could well change within a few years. That would also prepare the way for the self-driving sharing car (“already shared and already autonomous”) and the absolute correlation of the two dimensions autonomous and shared.
   2. The four manifestations of the mobility of the future:In this form of mobility, car-sharing and
      ride-hailing are technically on a par, as neither requires a driver. However, there are still differences in terms of the business model, as the car-sharing user chooses a particular product brand for a particular vehicle, while the ridehailing user is interested in a particular transport service from a particular service provider brand. Individual users will certainly switch between both models, which means there is clear potential for both approaches.
   3. Urban vs. rural:
      It can be assumed that the two shared forms of mobility will find their primary area of application in urban areas. The Robotaxi (“already shared and already autonomous”) is particularly well suited for urban applications. Autonomous vehicles can help to prevent accidents while also reducing congestion, meaning that the efficiency of the transport infrastructure will allow it to absorb the rise in traffic. The use case for private vehicles, whether they are autonomous or self-driven, remains predominantly
      in rural areas. The connection to a widespread Robotaxi network will reduce the use of autonomous private vehicles in urban settings. Autonomous private vehicles would tend to be more of a status symbol for those customers who still attach importance to owning their own vehicles.
   4. Progressive vehicle differentiation:
      Despite the changes in the forms of motorised mobility, we are still assuming that there will be progressive vehicle differentiation in terms of size and segment. Shared vehicles will be found in both the premium and the volume segments, but due to the primarily urban area of application these are most likely to be smaller vehicles with fewer seats. The autonomous private vehicles will, by contrast, tend to consist of larger cars, especially those from the premium sector.
      With the car of the future, however, it will not just be a matter of the shared and autonomous dimensions, but also connected and electrified. Due to the rapid development of electrical drive systems, it can be assumed that the vast majority of Level 4 and 5 autonomous vehicles will be e-cars. These will also show an ever greater degree of connectivity – partly because this will be a prerequisite for widespread, autonomous driving. In addition, the connected car dimension covers various vehicles and connected services. For a comprehensive insight into this dimension, please refer to the Digital Auto Report produced by Strategy&.
9. How is the global automotive market changing?
   1. Structural foundation of the market model:
      Using the notion of personal mileage as a base, we have calculated the percentage of electric vehicles that will make up the overall total of new car sales. We initially studied the pooling factor, which expresses the average occupancy per vehicle (we explain the pooling factor in more detail later in this document). This factor helps us to turn personal mileage into vehicle mileage. In turn, that enables us to determine the inventory required for the annual mileage. The turnover rate of vehicle inventory for individual forms of mobility and the changes in that inventory allow us to calculate the new car sales required for the EU, the US and China. The increase in shared and autonomous forms of mobility and the associated changes in levels of automation have a positive effect on possible electrification scenarios.
   2. Mobility use will change:
      The foreseeable developments of the social personas show that autonomous and shared forms of mobility will become much more prevalent by 2030. Not only will this have an impact on driving styles, but also who the vehicles will actually belong to in the future.
      1. Europe:
         Less than 1% of all journeys in Europe are currently made using sharing services. With a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) (2017–2030) of over 20% by 2030, this percentage will increase sharply and could reach more than 10% of mileage travelled by the second half of the 2020s. Vehicles that have at least Level 4 classification could come on the market from around 2022. The firstof these fully automated cars may be aimed primarily at sharing concepts, since that is, as previously described, their preferred area of application. This will give a huge boost to sharing services, as the “human cost factor” will no longer apply. Between 2022 and 2030, the market share of autonomous shared concepts could increase on average by over 70% per year – and thus make up more than 25% of mobility forms by 2030. According to our prognoses, by then not even half of all vehicle mileage will be covered in a classic, self-driven private car. Autonomous forms of mobility could in the meantime account for more than 40% of all vehicle mileage.
      2. US:
         In the US just over 1% of personal vehicle mileage is currently covered through sharing concepts. In 2021 that could be more than 5% and in 2030 as much as 33.5%. Almost 10% could then shift to self-driven shared vehicles and almost 24% to autonomous shared vehicles. Moreover, by the year 2030, almost 36% of personal mileage completed in the US could be in autonomous vehicles.
      3. China:
         The percentage of shared vehicles is likely to rise even faster in China. There are already restrictions in some cities on the registration of new vehicles, which is bound to have a positive impact on the use of shared concepts. We consider it possible that in 2030 more than 45% of all personal mileage will be covered using shared vehicles. Due to the high level of acceptance and demand for autonomous vehicles, China will see the fastest adoption. In 2030, almost half of all miles travelled could be in 0 autonomous vehicles.
   3. What are the likely secnarios?
      1. Downside scenario:
         Future forms of mobility are caught between various factors, which cannot be predicted with any great accuracy. Both legal and technical conditions are changing all the time, which leads to a certain amount of latitude in the adaption of new forms of mobility. Customer attitudes towards and acceptance of autonomous and shared vehicles depend on future developments.
         It is possible to confirm a clear movement towards autonomous and shared, but unforeseeable key events, such as a fatal accident due to technical failure, could have a long-term impact on the levels of acceptance and demand. PwC Autofacts has therefore decided to present both an upside and a downside scenario. The weaker scenario assumes, depending on the region and the country, a penetration of 10 to 15% of vehicles using autonomous technology. In this scenario, the technical and legal principles and levels of customer acceptance are not covered in any great detail.
      2. Upside scenario:
         The upside scenario, on the other hand, assumes an extremely high adoption rate. In this case, more than 60% of all personal mileage could be covered in autonomous vehicles by 2030. Neither customer demand nor legal and technical requirements pose any obstacles to the development of new forms of mobility.
      3. Both personal mileage and vehicle mileage will increase:
         Personal mileage and vehicle mileage represent a key point of our model.
         The correlation between these two figures – as referred to briefly above – is determined by the average occupancy rate of a vehicle. With regard to the issue of shared and autonomous, we describe this as the pooling factor. This stands for the higher occupancy rate of a shared
         vehicle (such as the uberPOOL). The essential starting figure for describing mobility in a country is personal mileage. Divided into the forms of mobility dictated by the usage behaviour of the personas, the mileage forms the basis for calculating vehicle inventory and also indirectly for calculating the number of new car sales. Reasons for the rise in personal mileage include population growth and a rise in the motorisation rate as well as changes in relative and absolute mobility costs. Forecasts for these and other macro and socio-economic factors determine the plausibility of the trends, assuming largely stable economic progress in the three regions examined in the study. More people can participate in motorised individual transport through autonomous and shared vehicles. Elderly people, those with physical disabilities, population groups on low incomes and those without a driving licence – especially children and young people – can actively participate and thus contribute to the rise in personal mileage.
   4. In 2030 the vehicle mileage:
      1. Europe:
         in Europe could reach 4.2 trillion kilometres.
      2. US:
         Currently almost 4.7 trillion passenger vehicle kilometres are travelled in the US each year.
         At an average occupancy rate of 1.3 persons per vehicle that makes a total annual mileage of 3.59 trillion passenger vehicle kilometres. The vehicle mileage could rise as high as six trillion kilometres.
         
      3. China:
         Currently, the mileage in China is still a long way behind the levels in Europe and the USA.
         Personal mileage is around 3.0 trillion kilometres. The mileage is set to increase sharply in the next few years and could well overtake the level of the US by 2030.
      4. The intensity of vehicle use will increase:
         In order to calculate inventory and new car sales, however, further figures are
         required – namely the annual mileage of a vehicle and the mileage over the
         entire lifetime of the vehicle through to scrapping. These two figures give the replacement frequency for vehicles.
         
         1. The mileage will increase for all four forms of mobility over time. The reasons for this are advancing electrification and the associated simplification of the drive train. The need for maintenance and the accident rate will reduce for the vehicles of the future. This means a reduction in the probability of malfunction during the planned mileage.
            
         2. In addition to the total mileage, the annual mileage is the second relevant figure in consideration of the turnover rate. Annual mileage will vary considerably, depending on the form of mobility. Shared vehicles will be used far more than private vehicles and therefore have a higher annual mileage. If this effect is combined with the technology of autonomous vehicles, it leads to even greater usage and a further increase in the annual mileage. As well as the increased use of autonomous driving concepts, empty journeys – between individual uses – will contribute to the significant rise in mileage. Both shared and private autonomous vehicles are able to drive on demand to a certain location.
            
         3. The combination of the annual mileage and the actual miles travelled can be used to calculate the average vehicle life expectancy and the resulting replacement frequency. These figures will be fundamentally different for shared and private vehicles. Private vehicles are currently driven for a lot longer than ten years before being taken out of the stock. Shared vehicles have a far shorter half-life period within a sharing concept. Due to the expected level of service, these vehicles must make a customer-friendly impression, both technically and visually.
            
         4. The combination of higher annual mileage and lower overall mileage means that the replacement frequency will be much higher than that of privately used vehicles.

2. ５つの潮流レポート(詳細):

1. a

>Top 3. Riding on the Monorail in Wuhan, China:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Jwtqv6EkNM

1. Welcome to the Future! Wuhan Suspended Monorail:
   1. Welcome to the future. Or should I say, welcome to Wuhan, China. Let's go. Now, I have shown you guys China's insane infrastructure. Their mega airports, their crazy bridges, the high speed rail and more. Right. And so China is at it again. I'm here to show you China's new suspended monorail here in Wuhan. Let's go.
   2. This is the start of the line at Jiǔfēngshān station*1. There are totally six stations along this line. and I'm getting kind of excited now, because this is my first time ever on a monorail. Right so let's buy the ticket. They also very conveniently have English language for me. Right so we buy a ticket here. And you can also set up facial recognition. So let's set that up right now. We're going to get a one way ticket for 30 RMB*2. Okay. And next. Okay you can see me there. There I am in all my glory. Right and then, obviously, mobile payment. We're going to pay on our phone. We don't have to mess about with cash and coins like in the West. That's like, outdated. So now we're going to head in through security. Hello, it's this way? Okay, Wow, look at this. Okay, Using my face. And there we go. The doors are open. I'm free to go inside. Well, that is crazy. Oh, may God. Here it is.
   3. Here she comes. Can see lots of other people excited. Come and use this monorail. Some of them from all over China, different provinces. Wow. And we are away. Now obviously in true Chinese style. Of course, there's no drivers to this train. It is completely automated. No driver. As we travel across the line, you can look out across the wetlands here. See lots of different kind of wildlife. And also, you may have noticed that the floor is actually glass. Look at that. I've never seen anything like it. You can look down through the glass. Below the carriage, that is amazing. But obviously also down there. If you're a little bit afraid of heights, then you can go and sit down there. But fortunately for you guys, I'm not. So we're going to step on the glass here. Wow look at that. Can see lots of families just enjoying the train and enjoying the sights along the way.
   4. Okay, we have arrived at the final station. And here you can go go and check out a museum about the Ming Dynasty. Also for students, they can get a 30% discount*3 for using this line. And if you're over the age of 65, you can get it for free. Not only is Wuhan's monorail automated, bu you can also get automated taxis. So let's go check one out now.
      

3. 武漢市のモノレール体験:

1. 九峰山站 jiǔfēngshān zhà
   
   
   
2. 1 RMB ≒ 0.14 USD ≒ 20 JPY
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
   
3. 七折 = 30% off; cf: 买1送1
   
   
   
   

>Top 4. Fully Automated Taxi in Wuhan:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4ZgvwQ6YGU

1. I have now ordered my fully automated taxi. It's surrounded by sensors on the car. It uses LiDAR*41, so. Right, let's stop messing about. Let's get inside and put in the last four digits of my phone number. Oh, now everyone knows my number. Wow, look at that. Okay, we're going inside. Completely automated. Here we go. ... Hello, Mr. Driver! Oh, hang on a minute, there's no one in in. And also, it will not start until you put on your seatbelt. So that is really quite cleaver and very safe. So let's put on our seatbelt and away we go. So now the scree will come up like this. And here, you just press start. Oh, my God. Look at the wheel turning. There's no ... There's ... No driver. What the hell?*2 This is just, I mean. it's really. It's like something out of a science fiction*3 movie. i mean, I'm speechless*4. I mean, just look, there. There is no one. This is a taxi. It's one thing to have, like, automate parking like that, but I mean, this is on a whole nother*5 level. This is a fully autonomous taxi! This is just ... This is the future. Welcome to the future. Welcome to Wuhan. And on here you have a little screen, also has English for me. Thank you very much. And you can see the route of your journey. And then also you can see the road outside and what the car is seeing. And what all the senses are picking up outside of the car. We have music. You can also watch some video. You can change the temperature in the car, control the AC. I mean this is just ... it's fantastic. And sometimes, also when you get in a taxi, you don't really want to talk to the taxi driver, sometimes. And maybe you just want you privacy. So this is great. I mean, there's no one here apart from me. How is this possible? Look at the wheel turning on its own. Okay, it looks like we have arrived. It says, please leave the vehicle from the right side. Thank you very much, Mr. Taxi man. Mr. Robot taxi. I very much appreciate that. That is absolutely insane. And there he goes, Mr. Robot taxi man. Off to the next passenger.
2. I am now at Wuhan's Tiānhé*6 International Airport. And just take a look at this. This place is absolutely massive. I mean, if you look over in the distance there, it just looks like it goes on forever. I recently just came back from a trip to the UK, Germany, Finland and Sweden. And let me tell you, all of those counties' airports combined together, they can't even compare to this even. I mean, there's no comparison between the facilities that they have here. The size, the services, the architecture. Anyway, unfortunately, I have ran out of time here in Wuhan. But I will definitely be coming back again because I want to show you guys Wuhan's insane metro system. So maybe that will be next time. Anyway, signing off*7. Signing off. ♦2

4. 武漢の自動運転タクシー:

1. LiDAR= Light Detection And Ranging 光検知と測距; 近赤外光や可視光や紫外線で照射し、その反射光を光センサで捉えて距離を測定するremote sensing方式
   
   
2. what/ how/ why/ when/ where/ who... the hell? 一体何が, 一体どうして, ...
3. SF: 科幻 kēhuàn
4. speechless: 言いようのない
5. nother ='nother =another
6. 天河: 天の河銀河
7. sign off: 話をやめる; 一日終了 Cf: sign =同意の印として署名する
   ; sign out 署名して借り出す; sign over 署名して譲渡･処分する; sign up 署名して申し込む＝; sign on 署名して始める, 入社･入隊する; sign off 署名して手紙･契約など終える; sign in 署名して到着･入会する

>Top 5. Explanation of Wuhan Suspended Monorail:

https://indiainfrahub.com/urbanisation/revolutionising-transit-chinas-first-suspended-monorail-launched-in-wuhan/

1. Revolutionizing Transite: China's First Suspended Monorail Launched in Wuhan. (2023/10/4)
   1. In a remarkable addition to China's public transportation network, the country's first suspended monorail line opened to the public on Tuesday in Wuhan, the capital of Húběi province.
   2. The first phase of the line spans 10.5 km with six stations in the Optics Valley of China, a national innovation demonstration zone in Wuhan. The suspended monorail is an elevated railway or roads. The train dangles*1 beneath a track and carries loads or people. Having a train suspended under a single track is a clever solution. Compared to conventional railways or subways running on double tracks the monorail provides a mush smoother ride. It also eliminated interference from other traffic and pedestrians.
   3. The Wuhan monorail, with rails on top giving it an upside-down appearance, has been aptly named "the Optics Valley Photon" - when it glides above the city at night, it truly lights up like a dazzling photon.
   4. The two-carriage car runs at 60 km per hour and can hold maximally 220 people. The car can add more carriages depending on the passenger flow. The line operated for 12 hours each day, between 8 am and 8 pm, with a train departing every 10 minutes. The entire process from door operations and station entry to exit, as well as the train's actual movement, is fully automated and drivers only intervene in case of emergency.
   5. Xie Hongzhen, a staff member of Optics Valley Traffic Company, the operator of the monorail, explained that the vehicle is suspended from a single beam, making it an indigenous operational solution writes, Xīnhuá.
   6. The train dangles beneath the track, featuring a glass floor that provides travellers with a unique view of the city. This perspective offer a distinctive experience, allowing passengers to observe what lies directly beneath them.
   7. The first test run of the suspended monorail took place in May, capturing the attention of tourists and locals alike. However, it 's worth noting that the Wuhan monorail is not the world's first suspended monorail; similar systems can be found in countries like Japan and Germany.
   8. Situated in Wuppertal in Germany, the 13.3 km Wuppertaler Schwebebahn runs through the Wupper Valley, of which a good 10 km of track run above the river and transports nearly 80,000 passengers on a daily basis.
   9. This new suspended monorail in Wuhan is more than just a futuristic design, it's also a window to the future of urban mobility.

5. 武汉: 懸架式モノレール

1. dangle: ぶら下がる

>Top 6. Ten Best Places to Visit Wuhan 2025:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wgo5nj0FtEE

1. Nestled in the heart of central China, Wǔhàn is a dynamic and culturally rich city that offers visitors a myriad of experiences to explore from ancient landmarks to Modern marbles lush*1 green spaces to bustling*2 Urban streets. Wuhan boasts*3 a diverse array of attractions that cater to every traveler's interests in this comprehensive guide. We'll delve*4 into the top 10 places to visit in Wuhan ensuring you make the most of your time in this captivating*5 destination. Before we begin make sure to subscribe to our YouTube channel for more awesome travel guides and make sure you hit notification Bell so that you know when we publish a new video.
2. #10: Wuhan Happy Valley:
   Embark on a thrilling adventure at Wuhan Happy Valley, a sprawling*6 amusement part that promises fun and excitement for all ages, spanning over 200 hectares. This exciting entertainment destination features themes zones inspired by ancient civilizations, fairy tales and Hollywood Blockbusters*7. Each offering a unique and immersive experience from high-speed roller coasters and water rides to family-friendly attractions and children's play areas. There's something for everyone to enjoy at this exiting amusement park. Experience the adrenaline rush of thrilling and attractions catch live performances and spectacular shows, or simply enjoy a leisurely stroll amidst the Park's vibrant*8 landscapes and color colorful themes with its diverse array of entertainment options, and lively atmosphere. Wuhan Happy Valley offers an unforgettable day of fun and adventure for the whole family.

6. 武漢市の観光名所10選:

1. lush: 青々と茂った
2. bustle: で一杯である
3. boast: 誇る
4. delve: 掘り下げる
5. captivate: 魅了する <capture
6. sprawl: 四方に広がる ,寝そべる
7. blockbuster: 超大作
8. vibrant: ぞくぞくする

1. #9: Jianghan Road*1 Pedestrian Street:
   Immerse yourself in the vibrant energy of Jianghan Road pedestrian street. A bustling*2 thoroughfare*3 that serves as the epicenter of Wuhan's shopping, dining and entertainment scene, stretching over 2 km. This vibrant street is lined with a diverse array of shops, boutiques, restaurants and cafes offering something for everyone to enjoy. Browse through eclectic*5 boutiques trendy fashion stores and local markets selling everything from clothing and accessories to souvenirs and handicrafts. Sample delicious street food and local Delicacies at outdoor stores and food carts, or dying at one of the Street's many restaurants serving up authentic*6 Chinese cuisine and International Fair with its lively atmosphere and bustling energy. Jianghan Road Pedestrian Streets offers an unforgettable urban experience where visitors can shop, dine and explore to their hearts content.

1. 江汉路 jiānghàn lù
2. bustling: せわしく動き回る
3. thoroughfare|θə́ːrou|:
   通り抜け通路
4. a
5. eclectic 取捨選択する
6. authénitic: genuine, 本物の

1. #8: Wuhan University*1:
   Experience the beauty and tranquility of one of China's most prestigious universities. At Wuhan University a sprawling campus renowned*2 for its stunning*3 architecture. Lush*4 greenery and tranquil atmosphere founded in 1893. This esteemed*4 institution is nestled amidst picturesque landscapes and scenic gardens creating a Serene*6 and idyllic*7 setting for learning and exploration. Stroll through Tree line Avenues verdant*8 courtyards and historic buildings dating back over a century and Marvel at the University's iconic landmarks, such as the Cherry Blossom Avenue and the loot* 9 platform with its serene*10 ambiance*11 and picturesque surroundings. Wuhan University offers a peaceful retreat*12 amidst the hustle and bustle*13 of City Life, inviting visitors to explore its scenic campus and discover its stored history, or may be stop off*14 to study a degree.
   1. China's Universities ranking 2024:
      1)精華大学, 2)北京, 3)浙江, 4)上海交通, 5)復旦, 6)南京,
      7)中国科学技術, 8)華中科技, 9) 武漢, 10)西安交通
      

1. 武汉大学wǔhàn dàxué
2. renown: 名声
3. stunning: 第一級の; 呆然とする
4. lush: 青々と茂った
5. esteem: 評価, 評判
6. serene: 静かな, 穏やかな
7. idyll |áidl|: 牧歌的, 田園風景
8. verdant: green with grass or vegetation
9. loot: 貴重品
10. seréne: 静かな
11. ambiance: 雰囲気:
12. retreat: 隠退, 閑居
13. bustle: 雑踏
14. stop of: 滞在する

1. *7: Wuhan Botanical Garden:
   Discover the beauty and diversity of China's native flora at the Wuhan Botanical Garden, a sprawling*1 oasis of greenery and natural beauty located in the heart of the City spanning over 400 hectares. This expansive Botanical Garden is home to over 6,000 species of plants, making it a paradise for nature lovers and plants enthusiasts alike. Explore themed Gardens Scenic walking trails and tranquil ponds teeming*2 with colorful flowers, rare plants and exotic species. From the fragrant blooms of the Rose Garden to the towering bamboo groves of the Bamboo Garden. Each area offers a unique sensory experience and a peaceful escape from the hustle and bustle of the city life, whether you're enjoying a leisurely stroll amidst the vibrant flora, or attending a Botanical Workshop or guided tour. The Wohan Botanical Garden offers a verdant oasis, where visitors can reconnect with nature and rejuvenate*3 their spirits.
   

1. sprawl: 四方に広がる
2. teem: 満ちている <team
3. rejuvenate: 若返る <L. juvenis =young

1. *6: Guiyuan Temple*1:
   Step into a realm of tranquility and spirituality a Guīyuán Temple, one of the Wuhan's oldest and most revered*2 Buddhist temple founded over 700 years ago during the Ming Dynasty. This Serene Sanctuary is renowned for its exquisite architecture, ancient relics*3 and lush gardens. Explore the temple's ornate*4 Halls adorned with intricate*5 carvings and colorful murals*6 and marvel at the beauty of its towering Pagodas and tranquil Courtyards. Visit the temple's renowned vegetarian restaurant where you savor*7 delicious meat-free dishes prepared according to ancient Buddhist recipes*8. Participate in a traditional Buddhist ceremony or meditation session, and immerse*9 yourself in the temple's peaceful ambiance*10 and spiritual energy. With its rich history, cultural significance and serene surroundings, Guīyuán Temple offers a spiritual retreat in the heart of Wuhan.

1. 归元寺guīyuán sì, build in 1658
2. revere |rivíər|: 崇敬する
3. relic: 遺物
4. ornate: 絢爛, 華美
5. intricate: 複雑な
6. mural: 壁画, 天井画
7. savor: 味, 風味, 匂い, 香り
8. recipe |résəpi|;
9. immerse: 浸す
10. =ambience: 雰囲気

1. *5: Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge*1:
   Marvel at engineering ingenuity*2 and panoramic views of the Yangtze at the Wuhan Yantze River Bridge, a modern marvel*3 of bridge construction and design spanning over 1600m. This iconic bridge connect the city's Han and Chang*4 districts, and offers spectacular vistas*5 of the river and surrounding cityscape. Take a leisurely stroll or bike ride across the bridge and Marvel at its sleek*6 design and structural elegance as the Sun sets and the City Lights come to life the bridge takes on a magical aura offering a stunning*7 backdrop for photos and creating unforgettable memories for visitors. Whether you're admiring the views from the bridge's pedestrian walkway or enjoy a romantic evening Cruise along the river. The Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge offers a breathtaking vantage point*8 from which to experience the beauty of Wuhan.
   

1. Yángsìgǎng Yangtze River Bridge =扬子江yángzǐ jiāng =长江cháng jiāng; 武杨泗港长江大桥 opened in 2019; 主塔間1700m (Golden Gate, 1937; 1280m)
2. ingenuity: 工夫, 巧妙
3. márvel: 驚嘆する
4. Hànyáng 汉阳とWǔchāng 武昌
5. vista: 展望, 眺望
6. sleek: 滑らかな, 流線型の
7. stunning: 呆然; 驚くほど美しい
8. vantage point: 見晴らし地点

1. #4: Hubu Alley*1:
   Indulge*2 your sense and tantalize*3 your taste buds at Hubu Alley, a bustling food street renown for its eclectic*4 mix of local delicacies and street snacks located in the heart of Wuhan's historic district. This vibrant culinary*5 Hub offers a sensory feast for visitors eager to explore the city's diverse gastronomic offerings. From Savory*6 street food to sweet treats*7 Hubu Alley boasts*8 some mouthwatering*9 array of dishes to satisfy every palette. Yes, even mine*10 sample traditional specialties such as hot dry noodles, spicy crayfish, and grilled skewers*11 or try you hand at making traditional snacks like steamed buns*12 and sesame cakes. With its lively atmosphere and bustling*13 energy, Hubu Alley offer a culinary*14 adventure like no other, inviting visitors to immerse themselves in Wuhan's vibrant street food culture.

1. Hubu Alley; 户部巷hùbù xiàng =路地
2. indulge: 満たす, 満足させる
3. tantalize: 見せびらかしてじらす
4. eclectic: 材料を様々吟味する　<G. out+choose
5. culinary |kʌ́linəri|: 台所･料理の <L. culina =kitchen
6. savory: 風味, 食欲をそそる
7. treat: ご馳走, もてなし
8. boast: 誇る
9. mouth-watering: highly attractive or tempting; よだれが出る
10. mine: 情報を得る
11. skewer: 焼串
12. bun =bunn: 丸いパン
13. bustle: かきたてる; せわしく動き回る
14. culinary: 料理に関する

1. #3: Húběi Provincial Museum*1:
   Delve*2 into the rich history and cultural heritage of Wuhan at the Hubei Provincial Museum, a world class institution that houses a diverse collection of artifacts relics*3 and archaeological treasures located on the picturesque banks of the East Lake. This renowned Museum offers visitors a fascinating journey through the annals*4 of Chinese history spanning over 5,000 years from ancient artifacts and Imperial tombs to Exquisite bronzes and Jade sculptures. The Museum's extensive collection showcases the cultural richness and artistic prowess*5 of China's ancient civilizations. Highlights include the famed Marquis*6 of Zen's tomb, the intricate*7 chime bells of Marquis Yi and a stunning collection of artifacts from the Shǔ*8 state with its comprehensive exhibits and interactive displays. The Hubei Provincial Museum offer a captivating*9 glimpse into Wuhan's stored pass and cultural legacy.

1. Hubei Provincial Museum: 湖北省博物馆húběi shěng bówùguǎn
2. delve: 探求する
3. relic: 遺物
4. annals: 年代記, 歴史的記録
5. prowess |práuis|: 勇気, 優れた能力
6. marquis: 伯爵
7. intricate: 複雑な
8. 蜀shǔ; -316BC; 四川省
9. cáptivate |ǽ|: 魅了する

1. #2: East Lake*1:
   Escape the hustle and bustle of city life and immerse yourself in the Serene beauty of East Lake, the largest urban lake in China and a beloved recreational destination for locals and visitors alike spanning over 80 sq.km. This picturesque Oasis offers a tranquil retreat amidst the urban landscape of Wuhan. Visitors can explore scenic walking trails lush forests and vibrant gardens, or rent a paddle-boat*2 and leisurely Cruise along the lake's tranquil waters. With its divers array of flora and fauna*3. East Lake provides a peaceful Sanctuary where visitors can reconnect with nature and rejuvenate their senses. Whether you're enjoying a leisurely stroll along the Lakeside promenade, or picnicking beneath the shade of a towering tree. East Lake offers an idyllic*3 escape from the hustle and bustle of city life.

2. #2: 東湖: 80 km2; 中国都市内の最大湖 都会の中の隠れ家: 散歩道, 庭園, ボートcruise, 森

   1. East Lake, 东湖dōnghú
   2. paddle: 櫂
   3. flora and fauna: 植物･動物
   4. idyllic: 牧歌的

1. #1: Yellow Crane Tower*1:
   perched*2 majestically on the banks of the Yangtze River. The Yellow Crane Tower stands as an iconic symbol of Wuhan's rich cultural heritage and architectural prowess*3 with a history spanning over 1,700 years. This ancient tower has witnessed the rise and fall of dynasties making it a must visit destination for history enthusiasts and culture aficionados*4 alike. Visitors can explore the tower's ornate Halls Pavilions and Gardens each offering a glimpse into Wuhan's stored past. The panoramic views from the top of the tower are truly breathtaking, offering sweeping vistas of the city skyline and the meandering*5 Yangtze River below. Illuminated against the night sky, The Yellow Crane Tower takes on a mystical Aura casting a Golden Glow over the surrounding landscape and captivating visitors with its timeless beauty.
2. In conclusion, Wuhan offers a wealth of attractions and activities for visitors to explore from ancient landmarks and cultural institutions to natural wonders and Modern Marvels. Whether you're admiring panoramic vies from the Yellow Crane Tower, exploring the tranquil beauty of East Lake or sampling locals at Hubu Alley. There's something for everyone to enjoy in this vibrant city. With its rich history cultural heritage and natural beauty, Wuhan is truly a destination worth discovering. And there you have the top 10 places to visit in Wuhan. Did you like what you saw. Let us know in the comments down below. Share this video with your friends. And don't forget to subscribe to our channel for more fantastic travel guides. So see you next time.

1. Yellow Crane Tower, 黄鹤楼huánghè lóu, rebuilt in 1985; hisitorically tower existed since 223 AD.
2. perch: 位置を占める <止まり木
3. prowess |práuis|: 勇気, 勇敢, 能力
4. aficionado: <S. 熱愛者, マニア
5. meander: 曲がりくねった; ぶらぶら歩き, 曲折

>Top 7. Zhongqing Attractions:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pfl-Nog-Ivo

1. Wecome to Zhongqing, one of China's most vibrant nad rapidly growing mega city, nestled in the heart of the country's Southwest churning*1 is a dynamic mix of ancient history, modern architecture and breath takeing natural landscapes from its spicy hot pot and bustling night markets to its powering skyscrapers and scenic river. There nos shortage of incredible experiences waiting for you here. In today's video we'll be exploring the top thing you absolutely can't miss when visiting Zhongqing. Wehather you're an adventure seeker, or a foodie*2 or a history buff*3, there's something here for everyone. Let's dive.

7. 重庆市の魅力:

1. churn: かき混ぜる
2. foodie: 食道楽
3. buff: 愛好家, ファン
4. percha: 止まり木→位置を占める

1. #8: Yangzi River*1 Cruise:
   Relax on the classic sightseeing Yangtze River Cruise. If you're planning a Yangzie River Cruise, chances are you'll be starting in Zhangqing. Just like mot travelers do, the 4days three night journey along the Yanztze River is one the most relaxing and secenic ways to experiece China 's natural beauty and rich history. Along the way you'll glide through the breathtaking Three Gorges. Witness the engineering marvel of the Tree Gorges Dam and soak*3 in views that youi'll never forget. The Yangtze the third longest river in the world winds its way through 11 provinces from west to east. But the real hightlight the iconic Three Gorges, a 200 km stretch known as the cradle of Wú*4 culture and one of China's top tourist destinations. On this cruise you'll sail through a galley of stunning* landscapes from towering mounains to serene* rivers.　You'll aso get the chance to visit ancient cultural relics spot. The misterious hanging coffins perched* on the cliffs. And hear fascinating stories.

1. 长江, 扬子江; 6,300km:
2. 三峡大坝 sānxiá dàbà: completed in 2006;, 22.5GW, full capacity operated from 2015
3. soak: 水に漬かる
4. Wú: 吴(呉): 222-280
5. stunning: 驚くほど美しい
6. serene: 穏やかな

>Top 8. NNNN:

8. NNNN:

Comment

• New technologies are usually born at factories, which are install ed and used at the places surrounded by ordinaray people and environments.
• Technology is evaluated in haramony with the environment.
• The case in Wuhan should be such a good examp[les. That is a fture technology and internation before it is Chinese, which are well harmonized with the environment and the history of Wuhan.

• 新しい技術は、通常は工場から生まれるが、それが設置され活躍する場は、一般人々と環境に囲まれた場所である。
• 環境と調和し、環境の中で、技術も評価される。
• その好事例を武漢市の事例に見つけた。そこは中国的である前に国際的であり、環境と武漢市の歴史と調和している。