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eng_grammar

A New Guide to English Grammar-3

(改訂三版)英文法解説
Cat: LAN
Pub: 1991
#: 12093b

Taiichiro Egawa (江川泰一郎)
UP 12607

Index
I
Key
; About; Action verb; All; Another; Anybody; Anything; As; As relative pronoun; At; Bare infinitive; Be going to; But relative pronoun; By; Can; Could; Causative verb; Conjunction; Demonstrative pronoun; Each/Every; Either/Neither; Emphatic sentence; From; For; Formal subject; Future perfect; Future perfect progressive; Future progressive; Gerund; Group verb; How; In; Inanimate subject; Infinitive; Inversion; It usage; May ; Might; Modal verb; Must/Have to; Need/Dare; Nominalization; None; Of; On; One; Other; Ought to; Passive voice; Past participle; Past perfect; Past perfect progressive; Past progressive; Perception verb; Perfect infinitive; Preposition; Present participle; Present perfect; Present perfect progressive; Present progressive; Present tense; Pro-infinitive/Sprit-invinitivee; Pronoun; Restrictive/Non-restrictive use; Same; Semi complement; Sequence of tense; Shall; Situational it; Should; So; Split infinitive; State verb; Subjunctive past; Subjunctive past perfect; Subjunctive present; Subordinate conjunction; Such; Than relative pronoun ; That; To; Used to; Verbal; Volitional future; What; Who; Where; Which; Whoever; Will; With; Would;
Items
Sample sentence
Remarks
>Top <M>: <M>: <M>:
  • 許可:
    1. You may now leave for lunch, but hurry back.
    2. May I have your attention, please?
    3. Can I go out?
      Not can, may.
      OK, may I go out?
      Sure you can.
  • 推量：現実の可能性
    1. The room is full of gas. It may blow up at nay moment.
    2. It may be (that) he has a trained ear for bird songs.
    3. Let's not wait any longer. She may not come at all.
    4. There were at least 100 people at the gate; there may have been more.
  • 容認:
    1. You may be right; there is no evidence to the contrary.
    2. Life may be compared to a voyage.
    3. You may well say so.
    4. You may call him a genius, but you cannot call him a man of character.
  • 副詞節で：目的・譲歩節 (文語的)
    1. Speak a little louder, so that everybody may hear you.
    2. no matter who you (may) ask, you will get the same answer.
  • 祈願:
    1. My you enjoy many years of happiness!
    2. May he rest in peace!
  • May: 話者が与える許可(give you permission)
    • Yes, you mayは上から目線
    1. Can I go out? (外へ行っていいかい？)
    2. May I go out? (行っていいですか？)
  • Can: 事情が許す許可(Circumstances permit)
  • Mightの用法
  • >Top
  • 許可：時制の一致の場合だけ
    1. She asked if she might make a suggestion.
      She said, "May I make a suggestion?
  • 推量：might+完了形以外は、時制の一致のみ
    1. I was afraid he might be offended if I persisted.
    2. She said she might have left her umbrella at the ticket office.
    3. She was the kind of person who might have passed for an actress.
    4. You were lucky. You might have had a serious accident.
    5. I might have said so, but I cannot remember.
  • 容認:
    1. He was nervous, and well he might before such a large audience.
  • 副詞節で：木邸・譲歩節 (文語的)
    1. School was closed early in order that children might go home ahead of the storm.
    2. Whatever his faults might be, meanness was not one of them.
  • 現在を表す場合：許可 (さらに控えめな表現)
    1. Might I ask you for you opinion?
    2. I wonder if I might leave now.
  • 現在を表す場合：推量 (さらに可能性が少ない感じ)
    1. I might be late tonight, so don't wait dinner for me.
    2. Don't get too near that bird; it might peck you.
  • 現在を表す場合：容認
    1. You might well be surprised.
    2. He never listens - I might as well talk to a stone wall.
  • 現在を表す場合：避難の気持ち
    1. You might at least say 'thank you' when someone helps you.
 
  • Must/have toの用法
  • >Top
  • 義務・必要・命令
    1. Whether we win or lose, we must play fair.
    2. I must cash this check. Otherwise I won't have any money.
    3. You simply must read this book; it's terribly funny.
    4. It was necessary to make a choice; we must either go on or turn back.
  • Have to: mustより柔らかい感じ。
    1. You have (got) to be back by ten o'clock.
    2. How should I dress? Do I have to dress up formally?
    3. First you will have to go and get permission from your mother.
    4. In the middle of the race, he got a blister on his foot and had to drop out.
  • Must not：禁止
    1. Cars must not be parked in front of the entrance.
    2. You mustn't go out and leave the house empty.
  • Do not have to：不必要
    1. You don't have to get up if you don't fee like it.
    2. He is OK; he doesn't have to take the make-up examination.
    3. Everything was done for me. I didn't have to do anything.
  • Must: 推定；〜に違いない
    1. There're lights on in their house; they must be home.
    2. That's an enormous animal; it mush weight a ton.
    3. Whoever visited the ancient city must remember its magnificent place.
    4. Her coat isn't here, so she must have gone.
    5. You were talking in your sleep. You must have been dreaming.
  • 推定のmustの否定：cannot
    1. She can't be over thirty; she must still be in her twenties.
    2. He can't have done it alone; he must have had someone's help.
  • 推定のhave to：米語用法
    1. You have to be joking.
    2. There had to be (=must have been) some other reason for their divorce.
  • mustは現在形以外はhave to
  • 時制を一致さえる場合はmust は過去形
  • Mustは話者の課す義務；Have to は事情が課す義務
    1. You must not go.
    2. You don't have to go.
  • Cf:
    1. I told him not to go.
      =It is your duty not to go.
    2. I didn't tell him to go.
      =it is not necessary for you to go.
    3. You must go.の否定文はYou don't have to go.
  • Must+完了形は、過去の推定
  • Mustは状態動詞に限る
  • 未来完了
    (Future perfect)
  • >Top
  • 未来のある時点での完了・結果
    1. If we don't hurry, the sun will have risen before we reach the top.
    2. Ten years from now you will have forgotten all these disasters.
  • 経験
    1. If they visit English next month, they will have been there five times.
  • 継続
    1. By midnight he'll have been unconsicous for forty-eight hours.
    2. We'll have lived here three hyears in August.
  • やや重い感じの形
  • 未来完了進行形 (Future perfect progressive)
  • >Top
  • 未来完了進行形：４語でやや重い感じ
    1. By next mont she will have been teaching at this school for ten years.
    2. It'll have been snowing a week if it doesn't stop tonight.
  
  • 名詞構文 (Nominalization)
  • >Top
  • Noun Syntax:
    1. We are hoping for your quick recovery.
    2. This poet is widely known for his deep love of nature.
    3. Ben was disappointed at Jane's absence from the party.
    4. On his father's retirement he took over the business.
    5. The development of his small shop into a large business took many years.
    6. Columbus' discovery of America was accidental.
    7. Loss of health is more serious than loss of money.
    8. The concealment of facts by a witness is a criminal offence.
    9. The employers' refusal to talk to the union precipitated the strike.
    10. Soon a lifeguard came to my rescue.
    11. I can assure you of his earnestness.
    12. How can I prove the equality of men and women?
    13. In his eagerness to win her favor he sent her a gorgeous present.
    14. Ignorance of social usage can result in may blunders.
  • nominalization
  • 名詞構文の還元訳
  • Noun syntax constitues a sentence:
    1. She did not believe in his professions of passionate love.
    2. On my entrance into the room, the students stopped chattering.
    3. I benefited much from my association with him.
    4. Her fear of dogs can be traced back to a childhood experience.
    5. His admiration for her beauty blinded him to her faults.
    6. She was very unpopular because of her idle curiosity about other people's affairs.
    7. He himself realized the lameness of his story he had made up to explain his lateness.
 
  • 名詞中心の表現
    1. have
    2. take
    3. get
    4. give
    5. make
  • >Top
  • Noun syntax expressions:
    1. I had a good sleep last night.
      Let's have a swim in the afternoon.
      Go downstairs and have a wash.
      We had a long wait for the bus.
    2. We took a short rest on the way
      Take a smell of this egg and tell me whether it's good.
      He took a slide down the hill on his sled.
      Take a deep breath and then relax.
      He took a good hold on the bat before swinging.
    3. I got out of bed and had a good stretch.
      I could hardly get a wink of sleep last night.
      She got a slight burn on her hand while cooking.
      If you touch that live wire, you'll get a shock.
    4. He gave a loud cry with pain.
      The dog gave a yelp when I trod on is paw.
      if you give a good push, you'll be able to move this heavy box.
      Give that cat a good brush.
      She gave her mother a hug and akiss.
      When I interrupted him, he gave me a dirty look.
    5. The little girl made a polite bow to me.
      Make a wish and blow out the cnadels.
      Drive to the next intersection and make a left turn.
      He makes several business visits to Canada every year.
  
  • 名詞構文 (Nominalization)
    形容詞の表現
  • With adjectives:
    1. He is a good swimmer.
    2. My wife is an excellent manager.
    3. She is a trenmendous talker.
    4. A fast walker can walk six kils in an hour.
    5. I'm a bd sailor; I easily get seasick.
    6. My mother was a great fighter. She never sat down under defeat.
    7. She's a freequnet visitor to this country.
    8. Being great fish eaters, the Japanese have developed keen sense and taste in easting fish.
    9. He is a good judge of hourses.
    10. a beautiful dancer. (ambiguous)
  • dirty: 超...、むかつく
  • concrete and forcible epression
  • 未来進行形 (Future Progressive)
  • >Top
  • 日常の自然・都合・ついで (意志はなし）
    1. He says he will be working late every evening nex week.
    2. Will you be using your camera todya? If not, ca I borrow it?
    3. I'll be seeing her tomorrow, so I'll give her your message.
  • futre-as-a-matter-of-course
  • 無生物主語 (Inanimate subject)
  • >Top
  • Inanimate Subject:
    1. Her charm of manner made her very popular.
      The scholarship enabled her to go to college.
    2. A bad cold caused the singer to lose her voice.
    3. A sudden illness forced her to cancel her appointment.
      This incessant noise drives me mad.
    4. Her pride did not allow her to show her grief in public.
      Circumstances do not permit us to stay ere for more than a week.
    5. The passing of the parade brought people to their windows.
      All attempts at persuasion could not bring him to share our views.
    6. A serious of corruption led the government to fall.
    7. A little walk will give you a good appetite for breakfast.
      This book gives us a fairly good idea of life in Colonial America.
    8. The condition of my health prevents me from working overseas.
      What can stop us from going if we want to go?
    9. The news of the air accident left me uneasy.
    10. The host's friendly manner helped his guests feel at ease.
    11. Our calculations show that the rocket is off its course.
    12. All these catalogs will save us the trouble of going shopping.
    13. The way he walks reminds me very much of his father.
      That song takes me back to my high school days.
    14. That magician's tricks surprised us.
      Nothing satisfies him; he is always complaining.
      The violence and bad language in the program astounded some of the viewers
>Top <N>: <N>: <N>:
  • Need/Dareの用法
  • >Top
  • 助動詞としてのNeed/Dare：準否定文と疑問文だけ
    1. He need/dare not go alone.
    2. You hardly need tell me what has happend; I can sse you have good news.
    3. Need/Dare you do it again?
    4. How dare you say that?
  • Need/Dareの過去完了
    1. We needn't have hurried. Now we are too early. (実際は急いでしまった)
      Cf: We didn't need to hurry. There was plenty of time. (実際は急がず)
    2. He dared not say even a word.
  • 動詞としての用法
    1. I need to know how many of you are going to remain here.
    2. He hardly dared (to) speak to her.
  • None の用法
  • >Top
  • Noneの用法
    1. I wanted some milk, but there was none.
    2. None of the money was reconvered
    3. He says he comes of a noble family, but none but himself know the truth of it.
  • 物質名詞もOK
  • (通常)複数の否定
>Top <O>: <O>: <O>:
  • Usage of one:
    1. When the telephone was invented and was ready to use, hardly anybody cared to install one.
    2. I've lost my umbrella; I must buy a new one.
    3. A bitter experience has taught me that after all one has only oneself to depend upon.
    4. The twin sisters are so much alike that it is difficult for strangers to tell (the) one from the other.
  • 普通名詞の代用
    I like red winde better than white.
    ( × white one)
  • Otherの用法
  • >Top
  • Usage of other:
    1. There are some thinks that are essential and others that can be done without.
    2. I w0n't be home on Tuesday. How about some other day
    3. I wash my hair every other day.
    4. The hotel is not very clean, but otherwise we liked it.
  • Ought toの用法
  • >Top
  • 義務・望ましさ：Shouldと同じ
    1. People often do what they ought not to do, and leave undone what they ought to do.
    2. I told them that they ought to think before investing.
    3. I ought to have suspected that something of that sort would happen.
  • 当然の推量：Shouldの方が普通
    1. If he left home at nine, he ought to be here any minute now.
    2. The tailor ought to have finished my suit; I ordered it a month ago.
  • ought=owedで本来は過去動詞だが、現在の助動詞
>Top <P>:

<P>:

<P>:
>Top <Q>:

<Q>:

<Q>:
>Top <R>:

<R>:

<R>:
Index
I

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